Friday, December 27, 2019

Leadership Style Stalin, Mussolini, Trump - 1902 Words

LEADERS AND THEIR STYLE OF LEADERSHIP Introduction: Leaders are individuals who carry a characteristic persona in them, they have a set of beliefs and paved pathway towards their destined success. Leadership qualities and traits differ with every Leader which is dependent on various factors. Analysing their Leadership qualities and traits gives us a coherent data about their manner of Leadership. This report presents the leadership styles of three leaders: 1. Donald Trump 2. Joseph Stalin 3. Benito Mussolini Donald Trump Donald John Trump Sr. was born on the 14th of June, 1946 to Fred Trump, who was also a successful businessman. Fred was a self-made real estate millionaire located in New York City. Donald Trump acquired†¦show more content†¦Such economic changes didn’t go well with communists parties such as the Leon Trotsky, The Bolsheviks and various Red Army Leaders. Stalin was even blamed for the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 but he stood strong and tackled these soviet issues considering he was also entrapped deeply in the World Wars. Joseph Stalin was a cunning and adroit politician and a stalwart leader for the Soviet Union. He reduced the steep tax rates and lowered priced for commonly used goods. While he was the leader in USSR, the inflation was 2.3%, compared to 3.5% in the United States of America. Was Joseph Stalin a Good Leader? This is the very question that arises when a person considers Stalin as a leader. Considering the negative aspects of Stalin, one might say he was ruthless, arrogant and even worse than Hitler but did not get the worst of the hit because he won the World War. The Great Purge arose due to Stalin’s dynamic and to some extent cold-blooded leadership style. But on a personal note I have identified a few distinctive and motivational traits of Joseph Stalin. Charisma: Stalin rose to power amidst the chaotic downfall of Lenin and in the midst of an economic submergence of USSR. He established himself as a social, economic and mass leader among the Soviet Union. Though scarred by his physical incapability and a failing personal life Stalin

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Colonialism And Sexual Violence Against Indigenous Women

Colonialism’s Connection to Sexual Violence Against Indigenous Women In American Culture our idea of Native Culture is one that is still very much rooted in the past. Each Halloween we’re sold the same archaic views of Native American women. The shelves are stocked with costumes printed with slogans such as â€Å"Sexy Savage† and â€Å"Tribal Temptation†, which sell sexualized exotic views of Native women. We may see these costumes as just that, costumes; however these costumes have a very real effect on how men view Native women today. This is one of the contributing factors of the high rate of violence against Indigenous women. According to information from the U.S Census Bureau there are 5.4 million American Indians/Alaska Natives in the U.S. This represents only 2% of the U.S. total population. Despite the Native population being so small, this demographic of women have the highest rate of sexual violence in the country. Indigenous women are 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual assault than other women in the U.S. â… “ of women from this population are assaulted/raped in their lifetimes and â…â€" experience domestic violence. Most of this violence comes from non-native men. â€Å"According to the US Department of Justice, in at least 86 per cent of the reported cases of rape or sexual assault against American Indian and Alaska Native women, survivors report that the perpetrators are non-Native men.† (Amnesty USA) Until Obama passed the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act,Show MoreRelatedGender Based Violence And Intimate Partner Violence Bring1380 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many problems that gender-based violence and intimate partner violence bring. The spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is one of the biggest problems that come up through gender-based violence. Different women’s and feminist organizations are attempting to fight against these problems such as the risk of sexual abuse and the epidemic of HIV/AIDS. Since the destruction of apartheid, South Africa and South Africa’s government have gone through a massive metamorphosis. South Africa is saidRead MoreAnalysis Of Deborah Mirandas Angel In A Pink Plymouth1189 Words   |  5 PagesSpanish colonialism stripped away the land and practices of California Indigenous peoples, but their strength and perseverance prevailed. In order to survive the genocide of their peoples, California Indians had to adapt and learn to survive through various forms. Storytelling and violence, while very different practices, intersect when it comes to California Indians finding a way to survive. According to Deborah Miranda, California Indians have adopted storytelling to keep their violence and sufferingRead MoreRacism And The Health Of Indigenous Women Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesare home to several indigenous tribes and nations. The nuclear tests devastated the inhabitants of the island, who experienced decades of birth defects and extremely high rates of liver, cervical, and lung cancer. â€Å"Between 1954 and 1958, one in three births in the Marshall Islands resulted in fetal death† (Smith 67). This is perhaps the most extreme instance of environmental racism in modern history, and the health of indigenous women was particularly abused. Indigenous women have experienced theRead MoreHistory Of Violence Against Aboriginal Women1068 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of violence against Aboriginal women in Canada No analysis of violence against Indigenous women can be made without first looking at colonization as the antipasto of the conflict (Cooper Salomons 2010). â€Å"It is thus paramount to understand the context of colonisation in Canada in order to begin to understand the structural problems and barriers that lead to serious numbers of missing and murder Indigenous women in Canada.† (Cooper Salomons 2010, 31). When the Europeans first came to â€Å"turtleRead MoreHistory Is Written By The Victors Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"History is written by the victors† aptly describes the inconsistency between the indigenous people’ and the European newcomers’ recounts of the American settler-colonialism period from the 16th to 19th century. To the Spanish and other European powers their presence in the New World had transformed the ecology and social dynamics for the better. However, through the lens of the Native Americans, there lies a different portray al of the European influence: the foreigners brought a wave of negativeRead MoreThe Tribe, Michael Mohammad Ahmad And Lucy Treloar1501 Words   |  7 Pagesmen or women are determined to do because of their sex body parts. Gender norm contain a variety of behaviours, beliefs, values and traditions based on the knowledge of what men and women think they should do that are identified as women or men. Historical narrative is a theory that traditional or modern events are story-based written in historical form that is beyond the control of humans. Throughout, this essay states gender norms in The Tribe, which demonstrates violence against women when BaniRead MoreThe Colonization Of The First Settlers1194 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean settlers began arriving on the shores of the continent in the late 18th century. In a systematic process of expansion and conquest, the Indigenous populations were unilaterally subjected to the superior power and influence of the colonial settler society. The relations that existed between colonizer and colonized were characterized by violence, oppression, dispossession and domination. The justification for these injustices inflicted on the original inhabitants, were rooted in race basedRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1555 Words   |  7 Pages From the initial contact of European settlers in North America to the lives of Indigenous people, has had a tremendous impact comprehensively. After so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well-being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within CanadaRead MoreFeminist Theory1248 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and or womens liberation. It includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. Nancy Cott defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating the idea of gender hierarchy as a socially constructed concept. Feminism has earned itself a bad reputation, but it never undermined gender differencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Story Of Mustafa Saeed 1554 Words   |  7 Pagesto the North, the role of women is frequently deployed to demonstrate the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized. Mustafa sees sex as if it is violent in nature, a form of conquest over women whom he heavily objectifies. It feels as if the narrator almost intentionally constructs Mustafa’s journey as a perfectly symbolic anti-colonialism discourse. Mustafa bears the ambition to reclaim and reassert Africans masculinity by physically dominating European women after his mother country

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

The Harlem Renaissance free essay sample

Billie holiday was a great jazz singer. Strange Fruit was a good song. Billie Holiday once said, â€Å"If you copy it means you’re working without any real feeling† what she is saying that if you copy you have know feelings. Harlem Renaissance was a place to show people talent in the 1920’s. It started in the 1920’ s and ended 1930. It happened in Harlem, New York. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement. Billie Holiday, W. E. B Dubois, Ella Fitzgerald, and Bessie Smith were all there and others. Meanwhile, the re-development and gentrification of midtown pushed many blacks out of the Metropolitan area. As a result, African-Americans began moving to Harlem between 1900 and 1920 the number of blacks in the New York City neighborhood doubled. By the time the planned subway system and roadways reached Harlem, many of the countrys best and brightest black advocates, artists, entrepreneurs, and intellectuals had situated themselves in Harlem. By the sass Armstrong was touring the country and leading his own band, the Hot Five (later the hot seven). He continued to tour and record throughout his life and was particularly famous for his innovative, loose-limbed improvisations; some call him the first great Jazz improviser. His gravelly voice and sunny persona were a hit with non-Jazz public, and later in his career he became sort of cheerful ambassador of Jazz, even appearing as himself (more or less) in movies like High Society (1 956, with his good friend Being Crosby and starlet Grace Kelly) Hello Dolly! 969, with Barbara Strained). The theme song of from the later film became his most widely-known recording. Contribution Louis Armstrong had on the Harlem Renaissance HIS growing popularity put him in contact with the cultural elites In New York which helped to bring Jazz downtown. This Influenced mainstream musicians and brought a unique e element to popular entertainment all over the country. Conclusion ultimately, Louis Armstrong made a big Impact on Harlem Renaissance and to Jazz. And he will continue to live on the human history and In the heart of musicians and he people.Louis Armstrong Is one of the most respected musicians In the history of jazz music. Culture which took a place in newly-formed Black community in neighborhood of direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. Its lasting legacy is that for the first time (and across racial lines), African-American paintings, writings, and Jazz Negro Movement. Louis Armstrong Biography He was best known as the charismatic Jazz trumpeter who recorded Hello DaddySociety (1956, with his good friend Being Crosby and starlet Grace Kelly) Hello Dolly! His growing popularity put him in contact with the cultural elites in New York which helped to bring Jazz downtown. This influenced mainstream musicians and brought a Ultimately, Louis Armstrong made a big impact on Harlem Renaissance and to Jazz. And he will continue to live on the human history and in the heart of musicians and the people.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Teacher Dispositions free essay sample

Assessment of Teacher Dispositions Julissa Anderson University of District of Columbia What are teacher dispositions? To answer that questions one may ask themselves what is a disposition? A disposition is someones state of mind on a certain matter. Moreover, teacher dispositions are what teachers think will help students become successful. Teachers Dispositions are things they should know and be able to do when they are face with certain situations in their classrooms. In the article Assessment of Teacher Dispositions, authors are investigating present teacher ispositions that are beneficial. The aim of this article was to find out are teachers doing what is in the best interest of the students. The article itself said, Dispositions lie inside us. If teachers do not value these dispositions then most likely the teacher is not dedicated to helping the students in their classroom. In order to conduct a conclusion on their study they collected data through a self-assessment tool. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Dispositions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Teacher Dispositions Assessment) They used 86 graduate and undergraduate teachers. All teachers were majoring in programs such as Elementary Education, Secondary Education, Physical Education, Early Childhood and Special Education. Most of the teacher candidates were female. They were between the age of 20 and 35. All the candidates were white. They used an instrument called Eastern Teacher Dispositions Index (ESTDI). They were tested on the 5 scales of the ESTDI, Perception of self, perception of others, perception of teacher knowledge, perception that all students can succeed, and the relationships and bonds teachers build throughout the school year. After observations and self- assessments and all data were collected, all the dispositions had a positive outcome. All teacher candidates strongly agreed teachers should be able to maintain positive attitude during any situation that takes place in the classroom. Also, no matter what that teacher teaches they should know enough reading, math and writing to help their students in any way. The candidates included in this study believed that teachers should have a passion for teaching, should be leaders and role models. The data collected showed that teachers should be able to communicate to any students, parents, or colleagues in a positive way. Teachers should take into consideration things students may be going hrough. Every student is different and learns in various ways. Teachers should get students involved and not Just give lectures and students take notes. Although, these teacher dispositions were strongly agreed with a high percentage of the candidates, there are places that could be improved. Teachers should have more confidence in their students. Also, teachers should observe but not intervene and let students solve their problems by themselves. Furthermore, the teacher candidates involved in the study were all white. I believe the study could have had more ethnical ackgrounds. They could have also used students to get an idea of how students think teachers handle situations by, talking to them, and understanding their beliefs different learning styles. I can agree with the dispositions listed in this article. In order for u to be a good teacher, you have to be able to communicate at any time no matter how you feel or what is going on at home. You have to be ready and aware of everything that is going in your classroom. Teachers have to have assurance in their students. If teachers do not encourage the students when they may not be doing so ell students are Just going give up and quit. Certainly if you are serious about your job you will help every student by any means. A great teacher to me is someone who loves their students as a child. They will do anything to help the student succeed. They will come in to work and stay after work to help students who want to better themselves. Teachers also, should never complain or stress because they should do it because they love what they are doing and the difference they are making in the students life. They are role models and understand that there is always someone looking up to them.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Manchester essays

Manchester essays Manchester is located in England in The MIDLANDS, right in the centre of Britain, shown on Diagram 1. Manchester has a population of about 450, 000 and a land size of 40,000 square metres. As you can see from Diagram 2 which is a base map of Manchester, the form of this city is a core. (A core is where settlements are clumped together in the middle and situated randomly around the sides.) The reasons for this Core formation is that the river Mersey is located in the centre of the city and the topography of the land is resemble flat with a few rolling hills here or there. Because of the flat relief it is easier for a city to expand and to build more infrastructure. Also because of the river and major roads accessibility is high into the city. Due to the accessibility of the river it provides small boats to sail to Liverpool and export cotton around world, which is the main production industry in Manchester. As you can see from diagram 3 which is the Land use model, Manchester has a lot of residential settlements ( which are in yellow) and commercial settlements (in pink). The commercial settlements are situated near the river and main roads for easy access to the city. The small brown square is the Industrial area. The main industry in Manchester is the huge cotton factories. Lastly the grey areas are the transportation systems such as airports, train and bus routes. All these areas and systems are in the urban part of Manchester, but if you look at the land use model you see residential such as the dark green area on this map which is forest. The white squares are Barren Land which were caused by mining back in 17-1850 and nothing has been able to grow or produce There are 3 major zones in Manchester: - The Industrial ...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Social Environment Accounting Essays

Social Environment Accounting Essays Social Environment Accounting Paper Social Environment Accounting Paper In particular, contributions have attempted to explore the notion that counting discourse is a medium through which relationships between business and society can be created, nurtured and developed. In our 2000 issue, we expressed our guiding aim through the lens provided by the late Professor Ray Chambers. We repeat it for this issue: What accounting needs is its own Copernican revolution. Too long have accountants been enamored of the products of undisciplined imagination and umbilical contemplation. Too long have they failed to lift their sights to the observables of real world affairs the substance of which it is their business to capture. Accounting is ideal depicted as essentially historical. Hence the use of past prices, in presenting presently dated financial statements. More recently attention has shifted to future, hypothetical, prices. But what about present prices in presently dated statements? Accountants seem to have settled for the rule of the White Queen in Through the Looking Glass: The rule is jam tomorrow and jam yesterday-but never jam today. (Chambers, 1 Bibb: 250-251 Recent research in the area of environmental, financial and management accounting shows that accounting and accountants can participate in these areas of search. This issue attempts to explore these research questions some of which are. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; What do key organizational decision-makers understand by environmental sustainability? To what extent, if any, do senior managers in a corporatio n address environmental issues? Why are these issues addressed and how do they relate to democratic accountability? How are environmental issues integrated into organizational strategy? What environmental strategies are developed and implemented? What are the driving forces behind corporate policies toward environmental issues? What do key members of stakeholder groups understand by environmental sustainability? How do companies and their stakeholders assess environmental performance? 0155-9982/$ see front matter 0 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0. 1 016/j. Cofactor. 004. 04. 004 2 Introduction / Accounting Forum 28 (2004) 1-5 A starting point was that provided by Gray, Jar, Power and Sinclair (2001) who observed that they were unable to find, during an 8 year sample, any unique and/or stable relationship between any measure of disclosure and any corporate characteristic (Gray et al. , 2001 , p. 349). In this issue, extending the Dundee Perspective, Lorraine, Collision and Power add to the growing body of statistical work on the relationship between environmental performance and disclosure characteristics. Their research begins to appraise the bottom line and explores the extent to which corporations are acting in the public interest. Specifically, they analyses publicity surrounding fines for environmental pollution and the commendations related to good environmental achievements to determine whether these information events influence share prices (Lorraine et al. , 2004). In this article, they explore whether good or bad publicity about environmental performance affects companies share prices. To date, they explain that a lot Of the research in this area has been conducted in a US setting and has arrived at inconclusive results. This investigation examines the topic in a UK context to consider publicity about fines for environmental pollution as well as commendations about good environmental achievements to see whether such information influences share prices. The results indicate that there is a stock market response to such news especially for details on fines-?typically up to 1 week after news is published. A cross-sectional analysis indicates that the share price response is mainly a function of the relative fine imposed on the firm; other explanatory variables such as environmental performance news or sector membership were unsuccessful in explaining variations in the market responses they observed. Equally, Accounting Forum has been interested in the interdependencies between social and environmental accounting which extend to the nexus between accounting and information to employees and other relevant parties. In this issue of Accounting Forum, R. G. Day presents evidence concerning the evolution of reporting about employees in the last entry and its relationship with mandatory disclosure rules (Day, 2004). This is an interesting phenomenon, given that the current conceptual framework for corporate environmental reporting has only recently begun to analyses the relationship between voluntary and regulated disclosure. For example, accounting research is only just beginning to examine the relationships between the role that International Standards such as ISO 14001 have had on the reporting function. In Days article, however, he focuses on evidence from the ELK and finds that there is an apparent disregard for Statutory disclosures. Implicit in much of the Corporate Environmental and Social Reporting (CE) literature is the supposition that the existing CUFF framework offers a pragmatic justification for the wider implementation of CE making the task easier and cost-effective. These studies point toward a need for a better understanding of the relationships between reporting practice, democratic theory and the common goods that bring societies together. From another United Kingdom perspective, Hammond and Miles (2004) examine different evaluation systems of UK corporate environmental and social reporting systems. They add to the literature by adopting a qualitative perspective on CSS through an examination of the Kiss Environmental Reporting Assessment (ERA), Business in the Environment (Bib), Oxford Economic Research Associates (EXERT), and Environmental Limited. One research theme that emerges from this strand of the literature is a hypothesis that the voluntary nature of social reporting is a strategic force designed to legitimate corporate activities in the eyes of the community. Consequently, it might be argued that 3 management considers annual reports to be a publicity device to reduce the adverse perceptions that some sections of the community have toward modern corporation (Nee et al. , 1998). From a US perspective, Marty Freedman and Dennis Patten examine the Toxins Release Inventory (TRIG) which was passed into law in 1986 (Freedman Patten, 2004). The Act, they explain, focused on using information as a tool for reducing pollution. They develop the argument of Sonar and Cohen (1997, p. 09) that if investors cared enough about the pollution performance information required under the enactment to punish bad performers, firms would have a market-based incentive to reduce toxic emissions. They then argue that legitimacy theorists suggest that corporations may use largely voluntary financial report environmental disclosures to offset or mitigate the negative aspects of other information or actions. Accordingly, these disclosures could reduce the market eff ect of the TRIG program. In the light of President George Bushs unexpected June 1989 proposal to revise the Clean Air Act, Freedman and Patten identify whether TRIG information and 10-K report environmental disclosures had an impact. Using a sample of 112 firms they offer the conclusion that companies with worse pollution performance (higher levels of size-adjusted toxic releases into the air) suffered more negative market reactions than companies with better performance. However, companies with less extensive environmental disclosures in their 10-K reports suffered more negative market reactions than companies with more extensive disclosure. These results suggest that, while the TRIG information may be inducing market effects that could in turn work as a quasi-regulatory device, financial report environmental disclosure actually reduces its impact. The conclusion is that if concern about the environment is important then environmental disclosure ender the auspices of voluntary regime is clearly inadequate. This issue, then, examines and provides evidence concerning the efficacy of voluntary environmental regimes, further evidence that limitations exist within liberal paradigms is examined in terms of current business and corporate environmental regimes. Juxtaposing the liberal justifications for environmental protection with different conceptions of democratic discourse begins a re-alignment of humanitys attitude toward the natural environment; namely, to begin a discourse through which natures intrinsic value might be revealed. A broader social and environmental audit, arguably, can be developed in conjunction with a theory of language that reconnects humanity with the natural environment. Thus, an aim of this issue has been to consider the democratic role of environmental and social accounting in a transnational age. Another am of the journal has been to explore how humanity might re- connect with nature and how this might be reported to relevant publics. In the communitarian tradition Of Rousseau, who is not fully credited with this insight, a face-to-face community is characterized by greater transparency Han is the typical liberal state, allowing members of communities to be informed about wasteful and damaging resource consumption and the ecological burdens to be borne by all. Recent environmental and social accounting literature suggests that accounting can contribute to environmental discourse through a critical framework committed to investigating the truthfulness and authenticity of the data reported. One area of particular interest that emerges from critical accounting discourse involves the processes through which peoples attitudes are changed and how reform is created. Toward this end, the authors in this volume contribute to an exploration that more governmental 4 regulation might be needed to counter the hegemonic forces of global capitalism. Moreover, recent work on social and environmental accounting exposes future trends which are now becoming evident through globalization. It poses new dilemmas for management and increases pressure on accountants to report to communities on corporate social and environmental issues. The globalization of the commons is never seen is zero-sum terms, but always as unambiguous improvements in the efficiency Of the economic system. Future research must explore the structural and social causes of environmental problems which the current selection of articles have begun to address. In addition, we are concerned with social and environmental impacts on the relationship between management accounting and management information systems. Future directions for social and environmental accounting must explore the links between accounting and information systems as a means to report to relevant publics. Some future directions might take: ; The future role for managers in a changing accounting world where communication to relevant publics becomes more important. Explorations into the communicative relationships between accounting and the moral and physical structures which govern modern advanced communities. ; Critical explorations into the processes of globalization and transnational capitalism as they impact local and regional communities and environments. ; The relationships between critical accounting and reform accounting proposals in a deregulated and internationally harmonious world business environment. Differentiating and exploring the motivations for corporate performance in terms of environmental saints and others environmental sinner (Chain Milne, 1999). Moreover, we canvas the ecological consequences of the dominant accounting framework, which is based on procedural liberal principles and has a tendency to displace investigation into more substantive relationships between humanity and nature. Yet, these developments in accounting, however welcome, have been slow in coming and may reflect a diminished role of accounting with other disciplines areas like law taking over these areas. Further, the failure to keep pace with overseas developments may mean that the information used by policy makers will not express the same intelligence as that used by our mediators further eroding competition. Through a consideration of humanitys anthropocentric stance it is possible to rethink the maxim that nature has intrinsic value, which should be respected. Our guiding theme has been to argue that the natural environment is a necessary condition for humanitys being in the world.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Role of the United States Contitution Paper Essay

Role of the United States Contitution Paper - Essay Example overnment in the development of a uniform system of trade as follows: â€Å"The Congress shall have power†¦..to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states and with Indian tribes.†(www.usconstitution,net). The United States Constitution thus spells out the regulatory role of the federal Government. This is very important because if businesses are allowed to operate completely without any kind of regulation, then there is a scope for abuses of business power to take place. For example, big corporations could turn themselves into monopolies and take over all the business, thus resulting in unfairness to customers who will be saddled with heavy prices at the whim of the monopoly. Such a move would also produce a lack of business fairness and opportunity for others to also flourish and thrive in the economy through the effective exercise of competition. But by allowing the federal Government to play a regulatory role, the national government can make use of its power to ensure that opportunities and resources are provided to a multiplicity of groups, so that there is potential for the balanced development of power rater than it becoming aggregated in the hands of a few wealthy corporations. The Government’s regulatory role extends to the development of sound monetary and banking systems and ensuring that adequate opportunity is provided to all, including those minority and disadvantaged sections of society who may not have the resources and wealth to make the best use of business opportunities existing in the economy. In the case of McCullogh v Maryland Justice Marshall found unquestionable evidence existing in the Constitution to support the position that the American people, who are in effect, the source of the Constitution, wished to accord to the Government, the powers to lay down taxes and to collect them, as well as to regulate commerce and since this was the intent of the people, it must have also been their intent that the national